Types of Driving Licenses in India

1. Learner’s License

As previously mentioned, the Learner's License (LL) is granted to individuals seeking to obtain a permanent driving license. Upon completing the application process at the Regional Transport Office (RTO) corresponding to their residence, applicants receive a learner's or provisional driving license. This license remains valid for six months from the date of issuance, serving the purpose of allowing the individual to enhance their driving abilities, familiarise themselves with traffic signs and regulations, and prepare for the permanent driving license test. Once adequately trained, applicants can apply for a permanent driving license after a 30-day period.

2. Permanent Driving License

The Permanent Driving License is granted to individuals who have successfully passed both the written and driving tests administered by the Regional Transport Office (RTO). Possession of this license indicates that the individual is proficient in operating a light motor vehicle on public roads and possesses a comprehensive understanding of traffic signs and symbols. The validity of this license extends for 20 years from the date of issuance or until the license holder turns 50 years old, whichever comes first. Subsequently, license renewal is required, which entails undergoing another driving test. It's noteworthy that this license also permits individuals to operate light motor vehicles for passenger transport, eliminating the need for a separate commercial driving license as previously required.

3. Commercial Driving License

This is a specialised driving license designated for individuals operating Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV), Medium Motor Vehicles (MMV), and Light Goods Transport Motor Vehicles for commercial purposes such as passenger or goods transportation. The eligibility requirements for obtaining this license differ from those of the standard driving licenses mentioned earlier.

Applicants must have completed at least the 8th standard, be a minimum of 18 years old or 22 years old in certain states and must have received training from either a government motor school or an institution affiliated with a state government. Driving heavy vehicles demands significant skills and proper training, as the driver bears full responsibility for the safety of both goods and passengers. Due to the emphasis on skill level, this license is valid for a period of three years and must be renewed thereafter.

The application process mirrors that of the Permanent Driving License; however, applicants specifically apply for a Commercial Driving License in this case. Individuals holding permanent driving licenses are also eligible to apply for this type of license.

4. International Driving Permit

This permit is granted to individuals intending to drive in foreign countries. It verifies that the holder possesses a valid driver's license and is authorised to operate a vehicle abroad. The permit is available in multiple languages to facilitate communication with authorities in foreign jurisdictions. To obtain this permit, individuals must hold a valid permanent driving license and submit an application at their local Regional Transport Office (RTO). The permit remains valid for one year and cannot be renewed; reapplication is necessary after the expiration of the one-year period.

Importance of Possessing a Driving License

1. A driving license is the official authorisation to drive on public roads, signifying the holder's understanding of traffic laws and road signs. 
2. Mandated by the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988, possessing a valid driving license is a legal necessity. 
3. Not having a valid license while driving can lead to hefty fines and, in serious instances, imprisonment. 
4. Besides permitting driving, a license also serves as a recognised form of identification. 
5. If lost, there's a possibility of it being returned, but it's recommended to report the loss promptly to prevent potential misuse.

Eligibility Criteria for Procuring a Driving License in India

Obtaining a driver's license in India entails meeting specific eligibility criteria, which may vary depending on the type of vehicle. However, generally, the LMV + MCWG license class suffices. LMV stands for Light Motor Vehicle, while MCWG refers to Motorcycle with Gear.

Note: Under this category, individuals are authorised to drive four-wheeled vehicles weighing not more than 7500 kg. This includes vehicles such as motorcars, jeeps, taxis, delivery vans, motorcycles or scooters with or without gears.

For beginners, obtaining a driver's license involves two phases, first is the learning phase and the second one is the acquisition of a permanent driving license. Learn more about the process:

Phase 1

1. Before obtaining a permanent driving license, you must first secure a learner's license. This learner's license remains valid for six months, providing a period for refining your driving skills before applying for the permanent license. However, you can opt to apply for the permanent license after just one month.
2. During the learning phase, it is mandatory to display an 'L' sticker in red on both the front and rear of your vehicle. Additionally, you are not permitted to carry any passengers during this period, and the only individual allowed to accompany you is the person responsible for teaching you how to drive. This rule applies to two-wheelers as well.

Phase 2

1. Upon completion of the learning period, you become eligible to apply for a permanent driving license. This involves passing both a written exam and a practical driving test. Successful completion of these tests results in the issuance of a permanent driving license. If you fail the test, you can reapply after a waiting period of seven days.
2. Despite being labelled as 'permanent', the license remains valid for a while. In India, a permanent driving license is valid for 20 years from the date of issuance or until the license holder reaches the age of 50, whichever occurs earlier. Renewal of the driving license can be initiated before its expiry date.

Documents Required for obtaining a Driving License in India

Just like any other government-issued document, specific documents are required to obtain a driving license. Below is the list of required documents:

Driving Licence Categories & Vehicle Class in India

The different driving license categories are mentioned in the table below:

Drawbacks of Not Having a Driving License

Possessing a valid driving license signifies that the holder has successfully passed the driving test and is authorised to operate the respective vehicle on public roads. Failure to possess a driving license can result in serious legal consequences.

1. Driving Without a Valid Driving License: Operating a vehicle without a valid driving license is a violation of the law and carries a penalty of up to Rs. 5,000 and imprisonment for a maximum of three months. Additionally, the traffic police have the authority to impound the vehicle, which can only be retrieved upon payment of a fine to the relevant traffic authorities. Furthermore, under the Motor Vehicles Act, individuals driving without a license are ineligible to claim insurance in the event of an accident.
2. Driving Without a Driving License and Causing an Accident: If an individual is driving without their driving license and is involved in an accident, their license will be immediately revoked. Furthermore, they will be subject to a penalty of Rs. 5,000, imprisonment, or both. For a first offence, imprisonment may extend up to six months, while for subsequent offences, the driver could face imprisonment of up to one year and a fine of up to Rs. 10,000.

Steps to Take If Your Learner Licence Expires/Is Lost

1. Lost Driver's License: In the event of a lost driver's license, the first step is to file a First Information Report (FIR) at the police station within your jurisdiction. Subsequently, visit a notary's office to obtain an affidavit confirming the loss of your driver's license. This affidavit serves as a legal document attesting to the loss. With copies of the affidavit, FIR, and other requisite documents, you can apply for a duplicate license either through the state transport website or directly at the Regional Transport Office (RTO). 
2. Expired Driver's License: If your driver's license has expired, you can renew it by visiting the RTO office and submitting a completed Form 9 along with all necessary documents. Alternatively, you have the option to apply for license renewal online through the state transport website.